The study of matter and energy without iunterference to chemical change occuring is said as physics. In general physics can be subdivided in two ways which are called traditional physics and Modern physicsTraditional physics covers mechanics, heat, light, sound, electricity and magnetism etc. While modern physics extends the study to atomic,nuclear and particle physics, relativity and quantam mechanics.
Sunday, March 13, 2011
Sunday, February 13, 2011
त्यो आयो
साथी!
तिमी त्यो नआवोस भन्थ्यौ
तर त्यो आयो
फेरी एक पटक आयो
साउनको खहरेजस्तो
तर त्यो आयो
फेरी एक पटक आयो
साउनको खहरेजस्तो
त्यो आयो
गड्गडाएर आयो
तिम्रो नजिक आयो
ठिङ उभियो
ठिङ उभियो
हाँस्यो, एक्लै हाँसेन
उश्ले दुनिह हसयो
उश्ले दुनिह हसयो
अफ्सोच!
त्यो आयो, निचिक्क हास्यो
दुनियाँ हसयो
तिमी हास्न सकेनौ
तिम्रो मुस्कान हरायो
तिम्रो खुशी बगायो
सुरेश पौडेल
काठमाडौं
दुनियाँ हसयो
तिमी हास्न सकेनौ
तिम्रो मुस्कान हरायो
तिम्रो खुशी बगायो
सुरेश पौडेल
काठमाडौं
Thursday, January 20, 2011
Wednesday, January 12, 2011
SCOPE AND METHODS OF BIOPHYICS
Living organisms are multilevel complex systems.Large and small molecules, cell organells, cells, tissues, organs, organisms, population, the biosphere are all levels that must be dealt with biology and biophysics.
Biophysics has been classified as:
It is concerned with the study of the structure and physiochemical properties of biologically functional molecules; primarily biopolymers, proteins and nucleic acids. Its objective is to disclose the phycisal mechanism responsible for the biological functionality of the molecules say for catalytic activity of protein enzymes. Molecular biophycics can't be separated from molecular biology and chemistry.
Molecular biophysics on one hand rests on biochemical disciplines and on the other hand , on the phycis of small and large molecules.
The theoritical apparatus of molecular biophysics consists of equilibrium thermodynamics, statistical mechanics and quantum mechanics. For an experimental study of biologically functional molecules use is made up of wide range of phycisal methods.
The first group includes methods employed in macromolecular physics for the determination of molecular masses, sizes and shapes- sedimentation in the ultra centrifuse, scattering of light and X-rays by collision of the substances to be studied etc.
The second group includes method used for investigarion of molecular structure and based on interaction of matter with light in the broad sense of these words from X- rays to radiofrequency radiation.NMR ( Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) and EPR( Electron Paramagnetic resonance) are also important calorimetric methods for macromolecules.
The third group includes calorimetric methods used for the study of the conversion of bioilogical macromolecules.Finally the structure of proteins and nucleic acids are directly studied by means of electron microscopy.
Biophysics has been classified as:
- Molecular Biophysics
- Biophysics of cell
- Biophycis of complex system
It is concerned with the study of the structure and physiochemical properties of biologically functional molecules; primarily biopolymers, proteins and nucleic acids. Its objective is to disclose the phycisal mechanism responsible for the biological functionality of the molecules say for catalytic activity of protein enzymes. Molecular biophycics can't be separated from molecular biology and chemistry.
Molecular biophysics on one hand rests on biochemical disciplines and on the other hand , on the phycis of small and large molecules.
The theoritical apparatus of molecular biophysics consists of equilibrium thermodynamics, statistical mechanics and quantum mechanics. For an experimental study of biologically functional molecules use is made up of wide range of phycisal methods.
The first group includes methods employed in macromolecular physics for the determination of molecular masses, sizes and shapes- sedimentation in the ultra centrifuse, scattering of light and X-rays by collision of the substances to be studied etc.
The second group includes method used for investigarion of molecular structure and based on interaction of matter with light in the broad sense of these words from X- rays to radiofrequency radiation.NMR ( Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) and EPR( Electron Paramagnetic resonance) are also important calorimetric methods for macromolecules.
The third group includes calorimetric methods used for the study of the conversion of bioilogical macromolecules.Finally the structure of proteins and nucleic acids are directly studied by means of electron microscopy.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PHYSICS AND BIOLOGY
We know biology covers all living things in the world and Physics examines the basic concpt such as energy, force space, time and all that dervices from mass, charges, matter and their motion. Broadly it is the general analysics of nature.While Bilogy is the science dealing with living organisms which are immeasurably more complicated than non living matters.
Biophysics is the application of physical laws to explan the properties of living organisms. It is the physics of life phenomena studied at all levels from molecules and cells to biosphere as a whole.
According to A.V. Hill-"Biophysics is the study of biiological function, organisation and structure of physical and physiochemical ideas and method."
According to vital force theory-Biological phenomena are basically incompressible on the basis of phsics and chemistry. Since there exists a certain mysterious vital forece or biological field which are not amenable to a physical interpretation.
The first law of thermodynamics tells conservation of energy was based on the observation of living organisms. According to uncertainity princliple the physio-chemical properties of living organism and life phenomena cant be studied. Simultaneously physiochemical and biological investibation are complementary to each other.
Schrodinger gave the concept of thermodynamical foundation of life. He stated that the living organisms"feed on negative entropies ie. the living organisms and the biosphere as a whole are not isolatedc but open system which exchange both matter and energy with the outisde world. He posed the question of stability of the substance of genes which is made up of light atoms; C, H, N,O.
Still the modern physics is not approching its limits of applicability for the treatment of biological phenomena but it points to the unlimited possibilities.
The living systems are basically open and therefore non equilibrium. A living organism is a thermodynamically open system which undergoes chemical reactions.Biochemical reactions are catalytic at all stages and protein-enzymes serve as catalyst. The change in entropy of such system is expressed by the sum of the entropy produced inside the system dis and the entropy supplied externally or given off the surrounding des
ds =d is - d es
The quantity dis is always positive according to the second law of thermodynamics. If the organism is placed in an insulating shell, the entropy flow des will be equal to zero and the entropy can only incerease . The entropy of the system is not at the maximum. For the stationary state, we have
ds = 0 ie. des = - dis <0
In other words, the entropy produced is given up completely to the surrouonding.
Biophysics is the application of physical laws to explan the properties of living organisms. It is the physics of life phenomena studied at all levels from molecules and cells to biosphere as a whole.
According to A.V. Hill-"Biophysics is the study of biiological function, organisation and structure of physical and physiochemical ideas and method."
According to vital force theory-Biological phenomena are basically incompressible on the basis of phsics and chemistry. Since there exists a certain mysterious vital forece or biological field which are not amenable to a physical interpretation.
The first law of thermodynamics tells conservation of energy was based on the observation of living organisms. According to uncertainity princliple the physio-chemical properties of living organism and life phenomena cant be studied. Simultaneously physiochemical and biological investibation are complementary to each other.
Schrodinger gave the concept of thermodynamical foundation of life. He stated that the living organisms"feed on negative entropies ie. the living organisms and the biosphere as a whole are not isolatedc but open system which exchange both matter and energy with the outisde world. He posed the question of stability of the substance of genes which is made up of light atoms; C, H, N,O.
Still the modern physics is not approching its limits of applicability for the treatment of biological phenomena but it points to the unlimited possibilities.
The living systems are basically open and therefore non equilibrium. A living organism is a thermodynamically open system which undergoes chemical reactions.Biochemical reactions are catalytic at all stages and protein-enzymes serve as catalyst. The change in entropy of such system is expressed by the sum of the entropy produced inside the system dis and the entropy supplied externally or given off the surrounding des
ds =d is - d es
The quantity dis is always positive according to the second law of thermodynamics. If the organism is placed in an insulating shell, the entropy flow des will be equal to zero and the entropy can only incerease . The entropy of the system is not at the maximum. For the stationary state, we have
ds = 0 ie. des = - dis <0
In other words, the entropy produced is given up completely to the surrouonding.
Thursday, November 25, 2010
जहाँ देउता छैन
लाटाहरुको आवाज
बहिराहरुको बुझाई
लङडाहरुको दौडाइ
आन्धाको दृष्टि
निर्धाको बस्ती
र रोगीले जहाँ गर्छ मस्ती
त्यस्तै त्यस्तै हुन्छ जहाँ
देउता छैन , बिबेक हुन्न
बहिराहरुको बुझाई
लङडाहरुको दौडाइ
आन्धाको दृष्टि
निर्धाको बस्ती
र रोगीले जहाँ गर्छ मस्ती
त्यस्तै त्यस्तै हुन्छ जहाँ
देउता छैन , बिबेक हुन्न
Wednesday, November 24, 2010
हामी उभिएको धर्ती
हामी उभिएको धर्ती
डग्मगाएको बेला
मेरा साथीहरु र म
कहिले लन्ठीएर बाया
र कहिले दाँया हुँदा
हाम्रो छितिज
अगम्य हुने त्रासले
हिस्तेरियाका बिमारीजस्ता
मेरा सकल साथीहरु
एकैपटक टोलाउन थालेको
द्रिस्यले भएग्रस्त म आफैलाई
सैनेपात कुफत परेजस्तो
अपच हुन र जोरो आउछ
कुनै औषधी ले मेरो कुफत
निको नभैरख्दा
बोरु मेरी आमाले
आफ्ना पटुकी च्यातेर
बनाएका पानीपट्टीले
एकछिन सितल गरौछ
आराम भएजस्तो लाग्छ
ज्वोरो घट्छ, अली हलुका हुन्छ
एसैबेला म मेरा साथीहरुको
बारे मा थाहा पाउन खोज्छु
फोन लगाउछु
फेरी उनै साथीहरु
धर्ती डग्मगाएको, आफु लन्थिएको
र छितिज अगम्य रहेको पिरले
पटक पटक बौरिदै र बिमारी हुँदै
गरेको खवरले
मेरो कुफत फर्किन्छ
मेरी आमाको पटुकी
फेरी च्यातिन्छ
मलाई पनिपट्टी फेरी लगाइन्छ
एकछेन म बौरिन्छु
तर निएती दोहोरिन्छ । ।
सुरेश पौडेल
डग्मगाएको बेला
मेरा साथीहरु र म
कहिले लन्ठीएर बाया
र कहिले दाँया हुँदा
हाम्रो छितिज
अगम्य हुने त्रासले
हिस्तेरियाका बिमारीजस्ता
मेरा सकल साथीहरु
एकैपटक टोलाउन थालेको
द्रिस्यले भएग्रस्त म आफैलाई
सैनेपात कुफत परेजस्तो
अपच हुन र जोरो आउछ
कुनै औषधी ले मेरो कुफत
निको नभैरख्दा
बोरु मेरी आमाले
आफ्ना पटुकी च्यातेर
बनाएका पानीपट्टीले
एकछिन सितल गरौछ
आराम भएजस्तो लाग्छ
ज्वोरो घट्छ, अली हलुका हुन्छ
एसैबेला म मेरा साथीहरुको
बारे मा थाहा पाउन खोज्छु
फोन लगाउछु
फेरी उनै साथीहरु
धर्ती डग्मगाएको, आफु लन्थिएको
र छितिज अगम्य रहेको पिरले
पटक पटक बौरिदै र बिमारी हुँदै
गरेको खवरले
मेरो कुफत फर्किन्छ
मेरी आमाको पटुकी
फेरी च्यातिन्छ
मलाई पनिपट्टी फेरी लगाइन्छ
एकछेन म बौरिन्छु
तर निएती दोहोरिन्छ । ।
सुरेश पौडेल
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